Map 1: demonstrates 35 years of UN Secretariat’s support for DDR in different mission contexts.
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. * Non-Self-Governing Territory ** Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. *** A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
Legend
Peacekeeping Operations
Special Political Missions
Non-Mission Settings
Multiple types of contexts
Peacekeeping Operations
Special Political Missions
Non-Mission Settings
Multiple types of contexts
Contents:
Angola
1997: United Nations Observer Mission in Angola (MONUA) Peacekeeping Operation established following the signing of the Lusaka Protocol. The mission terminates in 1999.
Burkina Faso
2019: Resident Coordinator request to support threat analysis of non-state armed actors; a typology of armed groups; and identification options for programmatic support.
2024: Technical support for the creation of the Action Plan for the implementation of the Liptako-Gourma Regional Strategy for Stabilization, Resilience and Recovery.
Burundi
2004: United Nations Peacekeeping Operation in Burundi (ONUB) established following Arusha Agreement. DDR operations begin the same year. In 2009, demobilization officially concludes.
2024: Support to the development of a legal framework for the reception, reinsertion and reintegration of ex-combatants from foreign armed groups of Burundian origin operating in DRC (FNL and Red-Tabara). Support ongoing.
2024: O-SESG-GL facilitated creation of the Contact and Coordination Group (CCG) Sub-Working Group on DDR. The Special Political Mission operational cell of the CCG launched repatriation process for members of the FNL in the DRC. Support ongoing.
Cameroon
2017: Security Council adopts resolution 2349 (2017) with a regional mandate on disarmament, demobilization, rehabilitation and reintegration for the Lake Chad Basin (LCB) region.
2023: Technical, policy and capacity-building support to the national DDR Committee for drafting a manual of procedures for DDR and the development/revision of a national CVR strategy.
Central African Republic
2009: Establishment of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic (BINUCA) – first special political mission to include a DDR mandate.
2014: United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) established. The DDR mandate was expanded in 2016.
Chad
2017: Security Council adopts resolution 2349 (2017) with a regional mandate on disarmament, demobilization, rehabilitation and reintegration for the Lake Chad Basin (LCB) region.
2022: Strategic and technical support to Chadian national authorities on dealing with armed groups and developing a national DDRR strategy targeting Boko Haram commences. Support ongoing.
Colombia
2014: Technical and policy support to the Havanna peace process.
2017: United Nations Verification Mission in Colombia (UNVIC) Special Political Mission established to monitor implementation of the peace agreement with the FARC.
Congo
2020: Resident Coordinator request to support the shift from the DDR programme to CVR.
Costa Rica
1989: United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) Peacekeeping Operation becomes the first peacekeeping mission mandated to assist in a DDR process. Mandate extended in 1990 to support the voluntary demobilization of the Nicaraguan Resistance. The mission concludes in 1992.
Côte d’Ivoire
2004: United Nations Peacekeeping Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) established following end of civil war. The mission concludes in 2017.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
1999: United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) Peacekeeping Operation established to supervise and verify the disengagement and redeployment of forces. In 2004, mandate expanded to include disarmament. In 2007 mandate expanded to assist the DDR of Congolese combatants.
2010: United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) Peacekeeping Operation established with a mandate for DDR of Congolese armed groups and DDRRR of foreign armed group members of FDLR and LRA. In 2017, mandate expanded to include CVR in the DDR process. 2024: O-SESG-GL facilitated creation of the Contact and Coordination Group (CCG) Sub-Working Group on DDR. The Special Political Mission operational cell of the CCG launched repatriation process for members of the FNL in the DRC. Support ongoing.
El Salvador
1989: United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) Peacekeeping Operation becomes the first peacekeeping mission mandated to assist in a DDR process. Mandate extended in 1990 to support the voluntary demobilization of the Nicaraguan Resistance. The mission concludes in 1992.
1991: United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) Peacekeeping Operation established with a DDR mandate for the demobilization of the FMLN. The mission concludes in 1995.
Guatemala
1989: United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) Peacekeeping Operation becomes the first peacekeeping mission mandated to assist in a DDR process. Mandate extended in 1990 to support the voluntary demobilization of the Nicaraguan Resistance. The mission concludes in 1992.
Haiti
2004: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) Peacekeeping Operation established with a mandate to assist Haitian authorities with comprehensive and sustainable DDR programmes for all armed groups. In 2006, the Security Council for the first time mandates a CVR programme.
2017: United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti (MINUJUSTH) Peacekeeping Operation established with a mandate on DDR.
2019: United Nations Integrated Office in Haiti (BINUH) Special Political Mission established with a mandate to work on gang violence, community violence reduction (CVR) and weapons and ammunitions management (WAM).
Honduras
1989: United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) Peacekeeping Operation becomes the first peacekeeping mission mandated to assist in a DDR process. Mandate extended in 1990 to support the voluntary demobilization of the Nicaraguan Resistance. The mission concludes in 1992.
Liberia
2003: United Nations Peacekeeping Operation Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) established to support implementation of ceasefire agreement. DDR begins the same year and ends in 2009 with over 101,000 ex-combatants disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated.
Libya
2011: United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) Special Political Mission established following the civil war.
Mali
2013: United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) established following Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation. Mission closes in 2023.
2024: Technical support for the creation of the Action Plan for the implementation of the Liptako-Gourma Regional Strategy for Stabilization, Resilience and Recovery.
Mozambique
1992: United Nations Operation in Mozambique (ONUMOZ) Peacekeeping Operation established to implement the General Peace Agreement. Reintegration concludes in 1997.
2018: Direct request of Member States to review memorandum of understanding between the Mozambique Government and RENAMO. In 2019, Personal Envoy of the Secretary General requests technical and advisory support on the implementation of the DDR process.
Nicaragua
1989: United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA) Peacekeeping Operation becomes the first peacekeeping mission mandated to assist in a DDR process. Mandate extended in 1990 to support the voluntary demobilization of the Nicaraguan Resistance. The mission concludes in 1992.
Niger
2017: Security Council adopts resolution 2349 (2017) with a regional mandate on disarmament, demobilization, rehabilitation and reintegration for the Lake Chad Basin (LCB) region.
2024: Technical support for the creation of the Action Plan for the implementation of the Liptako-Gourma Regional Strategy for Stabilization, Resilience and Recovery.
Nigeria
2017: Security Council adopts resolution 2349 (2017) with a regional mandate on disarmament, demobilization, rehabilitation and reintegration for the Lake Chad Basin (LCB) region.
2022: Resident Coordinator Office request to revise UN response for dealing with mass surrenders in Borno State.
Rwanda
2024: O-SESG-GL facilitated creation of the Contact and Coordination Group (CCG) Sub-Working Group on DDR. The Special Political Mission operational cell of the CCG launched repatriation process for members of the FNL in the DRC. Support ongoing.
Sierra Leone
1999: United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) Peacekeeping Operation established following Lomé Peace Accord. DDR operations conclude in 2004.
2019: Resident Coordinator Office requests technical assessment to analyze the surge of gang-related violence.
Somalia
2013: United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) Special Political Mission established with a mandate for strategic policy advice on disengagement of combatants and DDR. Transition into the UN Transition Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNTMIS) in 2024. DDR mandate ends 2025.
South Sudan
2011: United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) Peacekeeping Operation established with a DDR mandate.
Sudan
2007: African Union-United Nations Hybrid in Darfur (UNAMID) Peacekeeping Operation established. In 2018, mandate extended to cooperate with the Government of Sudan on the disarmament process. The mission closes in 2020.
2020: United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan (UNITAMS) Special Political Mission established. The mission closes in 2023.
Syrian Arab Republic
2025: Support to the DDR chapter of the UN Special Political Mission Concept of Support for Syria. Support ongoing.
Thailand
2022: Resident Coordinator Request to support with capacity-building for national authorities on the new UN approach to DDR.
Uganda
2024: O-SESG-GL facilitated creation of the Contact and Coordination Group (CCG) Sub-Working Group on DDR. The Special Political Mission operational cell of the CCG launched repatriation process for members of the FNL in the DRC. Support ongoing.
United Republic of Tanzania
2024: O-SESG-GL facilitated creation of the Contact and Coordination Group (CCG) Sub-Working Group on DDR. The Special Political Mission operational cell of the CCG launched repatriation process for members of the FNL in the DRC. Support ongoing.
Yemen
2016: United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement (UNMHA) Special Political Mission mandate extended to include DDR.
Map 2: recent DDRS deployments
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps on this site do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. See Terms of Use.
DDR Section short-term missions
Standing Capacity deployments
Contents:
| city | text |
| Abuja | Participation in the validation workshop for the Community-Based Reintegration and Reconciliation (CBRR) policy in May 2024. |
| Accra | Facilitating KAIPTC’s annual DDR training course in February 2024. Delivery of the annual WAM training course in November 2024. Facilitation of annual KAIPTC DDR Foundation Course in March 2025. |
| Addis Ababa | Support to MONUSCO and exchange with multiple key partners in October 2024. Support to high-Level Event on Regional Approaches to Dealing with Non-state armed groups by the AU and the Bonn International Center for Conflict Studies (BICC) in November 2024. |
| Astana | High-Level visit and technical exchange on the rehabilitation and reintegration of foreign fighters in March 2024. |
| Bamako | Facilitation of regional workshop on dealing with armed groups in the Sahel in April 2024. |
| Barcelona | Support to FBA Annual DDR Course in December 2024 |
| Berlin | Briefing to and exchange with key partners in February 2024. Participation as panelist in a conference of the Bonn International Center for Conflict Studies (BICC) in October 2024. |
| Bonn | Participation as panelist in a conference of the Bonn International Center for Conflict Studies (BICC) in October 2024. |
| Bujumbura | Technical support to workshop in Burundi organized by the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for the Great Lakes to develop a legal operational framework for the reintegration of Burundian former combatants in December 2024. |
| Bujumbura | Standing Capacity deployment to Burundi to support development of a legal framework and Standard Operating Procedures for the repatriation, reception, and reintegration of Burundian ex-combatants from the DRC. December 2024. |
| Cairo | Participation in the Annual IDDRTG Meeting in March 2024. |
| Cairo | Standing Capacity deployment to League of Arab states to support development of draft Roadmap for advancing DDR in the Arab World. August to October 2024. |
| Cairo | Facilitation of a League of Arab States (LAS) workshop in October 2024. |
| Dar es Salaam | Launch of the Great Lakes Contact and Coordination Group (CCG) Working Group on DDR in August 2024. |
| Dar es Salaam | Standing Capacity deployment to Great Lakes to support launch of the Great Lakes Working Group on DDR. August 2024. |
| Dar es Salaam | Support to MONUSCO and exchange with multiple key partners in September 2024. |
| Entebbe | Visit to Kasese Center hosting repatriated ex-combatants from DRC in April 2024. |
| Geneva | Facilitation of a tailored training to national PDDRCS in May 2024. Participation in the validation workshop for the regional study on Transitional Justice in June 2024. 2024 DDR Symposium between June & August 2024. Participation in Geneva Peace Week and joint DPO-IOM briefing in October 2024. |
| Geneva | Participation in the validation workshop for the regional study on Transitional Justice in June 2024. 2024 DDR Symposium in June and August 2024. Participation in Geneva Peace Week and joint DPO-IOM briefing in October 2024. |
| Goma | Facilitation of tailored training to national P-DDRCS in Goma in June 2024. Support to MONUSCO and exchange with multiple key partners in October 2024. |
| Juba | Standing Capacity deployment to South Sudan to support UNMISS in the implementation of a national CVR strategy and WAM efforts. February 2025 to current. |
| Kinshasa | Technical needs assessment to MONUSCO and support to Burundian authorities in development of a legal framework and Standard Operating Procedures for the repatriation, reception, and reintegration of Burundian ex-combatants from the DRC in March 2024. |
| Lomé | Attendance of regional informal meeting on the global framework for ammunition organized by ODA in September 2024. |
| London | Briefing to and exchange with key partners in UK and EU in July 2024. |
| Maiduguri | Participation in the Lake Chad Basin Governors’ Forum, held in the Maiduguri (Nigeria) and joint DPO-IOM event in January 2025. |
| Maputo | Participation in high-level event organized by the Government of Mozambique in March 2024. |
| Mogadishu | OROLSI technical assessment mission to Somalia in April 2024. Support to SCAD Benchmarks Assessment mission in May 2024. |
| N’Djamena | Participation in validation workshop for the Lake Chad Basin (LCB) Regional Stabilization Strategy and Technical Committee in September 2024. |
| Nairobi | Support to OCHA with training on Protection of Civilians for RCs in January 2025. |
| Niamey | Support to tailored capacity building for the Niger Technical Committe in charge of developing a Niger national DDR strategy in August 2024. |
| Ouagadougou | Technical support to the creation of an Action Plan for the implementation of the Liptako Gourma (LGA) Regional Strategy in August 2024. |
| Paris | Attendance of Paris Peace Forum, co-organization of a side event and meeting with UNESCO and the French Administration in November 2024. |
| Sando | Representation of DDRS in the FBA-DPPA YPS Learning Forum in Sando, Sweden in December 2024. |
| Stans | Facilitation of the annual CVR course in June 2024. Facilitation of CVR workshop in November 2024. Facilitation of CVR Training in May 2025. |
| Stockholm | Participation and facilitation to UN-FBA learning forum on Youth Peace and Security in Sweden in June 2024. Attendance of Stockholm Forum on May 2025. |
| Tashkent | High-Level visit and technical exchange on the rehabilitation and reintegration of foreign fighters in March 2024. |
| Tripoli | Standing Capacity deployment to Libya to support UNSMIL in designing a CVR approach. October to December 2024. |
| Tunis | Standing Capacity deployment to Libya to support UNSMIL in designing a CVR approach. October to December 2024. |
| Uvira | Assessment site visit in Uvira, South Kivu Province in December 2024. |
| Yaounde | Standing Capacity deployment to Cameroon to support RCO in development of a vision for the DDR process; strengthening coordination; and providing capacity-building to the National DDR Committee on a manual of procedures. November 2023 to April 2024. |
Video 1. Map is on 00:16-00:23
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps on this site do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
Video 2: Map is on 02:11-02:27
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps on this site do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.